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Translator Program Computers cannot understand source programs written in assembly language and high level languages. Because computers can only understand machine language (programs written using 0, 1). So assembly language and high level language have to be converted into machine language. The programs that convert source programs written in assembly language and high level language into machine language are called translators. There are basically three types of translators, namely- (i) Assembler (ii) Compiler (ii) Interpreter Assembler: Translator is used to convert the program written in assembly language into machine language. Compiler: Compiler is a type of translator which converts the entire program written in high level language into machine language, corrects any errors/bugs in the program and adds necessary auxiliary fouls to the executable file. transforms Interpreter: The translator program that converts the source code of the program written in high level language line by...

Steps in program planning No work is done well without proper planning. Therefore, to write a program, the program is completed through a well-planned step-by-step process. The steps in program planning are as follows (1) Problem identification: The first step in program planning is problem identification. That is, identifying the program to be written for a problem according to the user's needs. (2) System analysis: After identifying the problem, various information related to the problem must be collected and analyzed, which can be used in the next steps of the programming plan. (3) Determining the input/output of the program:   At this stage, the inputs and outputs required to solve the problem are determined. Some data or information will be used as input in the program and what output will come for the said data, for this the use of some formula or formula is determined. (4) Algorithm development: Once a complete understanding of a problem and its solution formula is availa...

Organization of Program A set of instructions used by a computer to solve a problem is called a program. These instructions are generally divided into three parts, namely, input, processing and output. That is, how many instructions are used for inputting data, how many instructions are used for processing and how many instructions are used for displaying output. The relationship between these instructions is shown below in the diagram: Instructions to input ↓ Instructions for data processing ↓ command to provide output Program development steps : There are several sequential steps to be followed in the process of writing a program and executing it on a computer to perform various tasks. Each step is discussed in detail below: (1) Investigation (2) Problem analysis (Problem analysis) (3) Program design (4) Program coding (Program coding) (5) Program testing, debugging and implementation (Program testing, debugging and implementation) (6) Program maintenance  1. Finding information:...

Differences between database indexing and sorting Indexing (i) It takes relatively less time to sort random data. (ii) After indexing the data file in this method, new records are automatically added to the correct location. (iii) Sorting of data file by indexing method keeps serialization of records of file in main table. (iv) When a data file is indexed, a new index file is created and the original table file remains unchanged. (v) Sorting by indexing requires additional space in memory as additional index files are created. (vi) Alphabetically, Numerically, Indexing can be done. Sorting (i) Sorting random data takes more time than indexing.   (ii) After sorting the data file in this method, if new records are added, the file has to be sorted again. (iii) When the data file is sorted by the sorting method, the serialization of the records in the original table file is not correct. (iv) When the data file is sorted, the original table file is stored in memory in a sorted state. (v...

Query Language User can easily retrieve information or data from database with query language. Operations such as entering data, retrieving data, modifying or deleting data in the database are called queries. The language with which queries are made is called query language. Most database management systems use query languages ​​to access the database. It is a high-level language. Using this language, it is possible to easily search and collect data from the database and perform various calculations according to the user's wishes. This language is higher level than any standard programming language. SQL and QUEL query languages ​​are currently used in microcomputers. Name some query languages (i) QUEL (Query Language) (ii) QBE [Query by Example] (iii) SQL (Structured Query Language) (iv) Server SQL Among these four query languages, SQL has gained the most popularity worldwide. According to ANSI standards, SQL has become the standard query language for relational databases. SQL and ...

OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE MODEL  Object Oriented Database Model: Object-oriented programming is basically divided into two phases: object-oriented analysis and object-oriented design. In the analysis phase, according to the type of problem described in the system, the main problem is divided into several small units or objects, and connections are established based on the results obtained from them. And in the design phase, by reviewing the classes or objects declared in the analysis phase, the classes, member functions and driver programs are designed by determining the class dependency, class hierarchical. Steps of Object Oriented Analysis: (i) Analyzing and understanding the main problem. (ii) Describing user needs. (iii) Dividing the original problem into smaller parts or objects as required. (iv) Determining the properties of objects. (v) Determining the desired results from the objects. (vi) Making connections between objects based on desired and achieved results. Steps of Ob...

Relational Database If you need to work with data from multiple database files, links can be established between the files. Establishing links to work with data from different table database files is called relational database. There are three types of relational databases, namely -- (i) One to One Relationship (ii) One to many relation (iii) Many to Many relation.   Relational Data Model: In a relational database, logical relationships exist between different types of tables. Different tables are created according to the nature of the data. The records are then used by creating relationships between the tables. That is, many tables are related to each other and one table is related to another table.

Binary Relationship  A data structure diagram that links only two record types is called a binary relationship. This is similar to the binary relationship of the E-R diagram. Binary relationships are basically of 3 types, viz-- (i) One to One (ii) One to Many and (iii) Many to many. If the binary relationship is One to One then the arrow keys will be on either side of the link. But if the relationship is One to Many or Many to One, then either side of the link will have its mark on one side.   General Relationship: Basically, the relationship method that establishes the relationship between more than two records is called general relationship. General relationships are usually shown by boxes and links. For example, consider an E-R diagram made up of three entities, Customer, Account and Branch, which are related to the general relationship CAB.  E-R diagram to show general relationships of network data model Data Structure Diagram following steps should be taken: (i) Enti...

Three types of relationships can be established in a database file, namely— ii) One to One relation ii) One to Many relation (ii) Many to Many relation. These are discussed below-- (i) One to One Relationship: When relationship is established between two database files and one record in one database will have only one record in the other database. That is, if a record in the STAR database is related to only one record in the PRO database, then it is called a One to One relationship. (ii) One to Many relation: This is a widely used relation. In this method, a record in a database is related to multiple records in another database. That is, there may be multiple matches in the PRO database for a record in the STAR database. Think, different suppliers provide different products in an office. In this case there is a database for Supplier and another database is created for Product. Unlike one Supplier item number in the Supplier database, the Product database can have multiple items. In th...

Generation of programming languages In the early days of programming languages, i.e., writing programs for computers to solve problems using machine language was cumbersome, time-consuming, and limited in scope. But today's computers have artificial intelligence. That is, people do not have to memorize thousands of instructions or commands to solve computer problems, they do not have to follow specific rules (grammar). Currently, computers can also recognize human speech and solve problems according to the instructions. In addition to computers, there have been various types of development, contraction, modification and expansion of programming languages ​​at different times or stages in the field of such improvement and development of programming languages. The advent of today's simple, efficient and universal programming languages ​​has basically crossed 5 generations. The stages are— 1st generation: Machine language is called 1st generation language. Representing Binary 0 o...

Introduction to programming languages A set of instructions used by a computer to solve a problem is called a program. The language used to write programs is called programming language. Initially machine language was used as a programming language but later assembly language and high level languages came into vogue. C is such a procedural programming language. Concept of Program: A set of instructions used by a computer to solve any mathematical or logical problem is called a program. The process of writing programs is called programming. Any complex problem can be solved easily with proper programming. The number of instructions used in program writing depends on the type of problem. Programming Language :  Computer is a powerful device. It is suitable for complex tasks. It is not possible to do any work with it unless it is properly told what to do. So what needs to be done must be explained to the computer in such a way that it can understand it and carry it out to the letter. ...