The Tech Storror

Electronic commerce (E-commerce) Web based information system: An important component of modern computer based information system is web based information system. An information system based on the Internet is called a web-based information system. That is, when a user can use an information system through the Internet and the World Wide Web, that information system is called a web-based information system. A user of an information system on the Internet is called an Internet client. In this case, the client can use this information system from anywhere in the world by being connected to the Internet. Web based database is used in this system. When an Internet client sends an information request, the Web server verifies the client's right to receive the information in response to the request and sends the requested information to the client if it is a valid client. With the help of web based information system, the data of an organization can be collected, stored, presented, modern...

Information Systems An information system is a system consisting of people and machines, which process data and makes it useful for users. That is, an information system is an integrated system of human resources, hardware, software, communication network and data resources, which collect, store, present, modernize and exchange and process information from one organization to another organization. The use of computers has made data processing much easier, error-free and faster, and the distribution of information between different users or organizations has become much easier. Below are some more definitions of an information system: An information system is a combination of human resources, hardware, software, network systems and data resources that collect, transforms and process the information an organization needs. Technically, an information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, (or retrieve), process, store and distribute information to support organizational ...

 Hybrid network A mixed or hybrid network is essentially a combination of client-server and peer-to-peer networks. Generally, the client-server portion dominates in a hybrid network. However, in addition, there are sparsely coupled peer-to-peer network segments. Advantages of a hybrid network are: (i) Client-server applications can be housed and managed centrally. (ii) Users can control access to their respective computer resources and share their resources. Disadvantages of hybrid network are- (i) Having two types of networks makes it difficult for users to access the network. (ii) Need to remember different passwords for workgroups and servers/domains. (iii) Resources are located on different computers and cannot be managed centrally. Different versions of the same file can be scattered across different computers. (iv) Difficulty backing up files stored on different workstations. Network architecture Designing and implementing an effective network with respect to communication ru...

Connectors The cable connector is the daughter device between the network card and the cable. That is, it connects the network cable and (NIC). Notable among cable connectors are coaxial cable, 10 bit, Ethernet etc. Among them, 10 bit connector is comparatively much faster, reliable and widely used. The 10-pin connector looks a lot like a telephone wire. Some network cards support multiple connector types, thus providing multiple ports. Such cards are called combo cards. Recently, Ethernet technology has gained great popularity in the world of networking, to say that now Ethernet is a dominating (Dominating) technology. For that reason, if the network card of the computer is of combo type, then it is possible to upgrade it to use Ethernet technology. The following three types of connectors are commonly used in networks. These are-- a) RJ-45: It is used to connect UTP cable to network interface card or NIC. This connector has a total of 8 contact pins. These 8 pins are used in different...

Transmission media: When a PC communicates or wants to communicate with another PC, it has to take the help of some transmission media. The most commonly used media in the network are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable. Nowadays, the use of optical fiber is increasing greatly. Radio wave, microwave and infrared technologies are prominent among wireless media. Among these mediums, optical fiber has the highest data transfer speed. The type of medium used in a network depends on the type and location of that network. The connection system for exchanging information between the sender and the remote receiving end is called a channel. The means or methods used to implement the channel are called media. such as-- (i) Cable or wire. (ii) Common telephone lines. (ii) Radio waves. (iv) Microwave. (v) Geo-satellite systems etc. Cable or Wire: Cable is an important medium in data communication. Cables are generally used for data transfer over short range networking such as LAN...

  Software piracy and its prevention Software Piracy: Software piracy refers to the activity of copying software, distributing it, partially modifying it and continuing it under one's own name. Software piracy is also a crime like stealing other people's stuff. Due to software piracy, software manufacturers suffer financially. Some steps to prevent piracy: (i) The first step to prevent piracy is to comply with the prevailing laws of the country. (ii) When any software needs to be installed, patiently read the “Terms and Conditions” carefully. Not only read, but act upon it. If it infringes copyright, refrain from using it. (iii) The mentality of saving money by buying pirated software is not stopping. This mentality must end. If there is no money to buy the software, the software can be used with the permission of the specific organization or software manufacturer. In that case its use will not be illegal. (iv) Risk and Responsibility Offices should be encouraged to purchase an...

Control of power supply damage and its prevention Computers can have various problems related to power supply. Irregular supply of electricity is one of the problems related to computer power supply. Besides, not having proper voltage, frequent power supply, power return in shortest time interval, lack of earthing, fault in power supply unit, heating of internal parts of power supply unit, not getting proper voltage and signal at output power supply unit switch Not working mode etc. are some of the harmful regulators of power supply. All these problems and solutions are described below -- (a) Voltage problem : Damage to computers and other electrical appliances due to high voltage is a regular occurrence in our country. A voltage stabilizer can be used to avoid this condition. Many times when the voltage is much lower than required, any electrical appliance used in the home cannot be operated. In this case, the computer should be turned off. (b) Sudden power outage : Load shedding is a...

How to maintain and use disks There are basically three types of disks used in computers, namely: (i) Floppy Disk, (ii) Hard Disk, (iii) Compact disk or CD. Of these, the first two discs work on the principle of magnetic and the third optical technology. At present there is not much use of floppy disk. However, magnetic hard disk and optical CD or DVD are two essential means of data storage in computer systems. Disk drives are used to store and read data on these disks. Disk Drive Maintenance: Dust or dirt can damage this drive and data can be lost if the disk enters a dusty drive. In addition, due to the formation of dust layer or oxide layer, the rotation of the drive head is hindered. For these reasons, disk drives must be cleaned regularly. Disadvantages for disks and disk drives are: (i) High temperature (ii) Cold flow (iii) Electro-magnetic field (iv) Dust (v) Ash or fibrous matter.  (vi) Stress The following steps can be taken to protect disks and disk drives from various m...

What are desktop items in Windows operating system\ Items on the Windows operating system desktop screen with names and pictures are each called icons. The main items on the desktop of the Windows screen are: (i) My Computer  (ii) My Network Place (ii) My Document (iv) Connect to the Internet (v) Online Service (vi) Recycle Bin (vii) Internet Explorer (viii) Taskbar (ix) Outlook Express Windows Media Player et cetera. The main items on the desktop of Windows operating system are described below-- Taskbar: The bar containing the text Start at the bottom of the desktop is called the taskbar. To the left of the taskbar is the Start button. From this button, various program files can be opened and the computer can be shut down. Besides, time and running programs are shown on the right side. My Document : Document and other files are saved in this folder as per default setting. Under My Document there is a sub-folder called My Picture. Any image input from a digital camera or scanner is...

Things to do to prevent cyber crime It is always better to take determinative measures to prevent a crime than to take action against it after it has occurred. This also applies to online users. To avoid becoming a victim of cybercrime, one can easily stay free from cybercrime if some awareness and some preventive measures are always followed. Some of such preventive measures are described below: (i) One should refrain from presenting one's confidential information to others. (ii) Never send any photograph of yourself or someone you know online to a stranger or a chat friend. Because that kind of photography can be used for any evil purpose. (iii) Always use new and upgraded anti-virus to prevent virus attacks. (iv) Important data should always be backed up so that the data is not lost forever due to virus attack. (v) Never provide credit card number to any insecure website to stay financially risk free. (vi) Children should always monitor their browsing so that they do not access ...

Computer Virus Types of viruses The names of two species of virus in general are particularly noteworthy. Two types are Trojan horse and worm virus- • Trojan horse virus: This type of virus encourages the computer user to follow the message with some interesting message. By responding to the Trojan virus's call, the computer user is in immediate danger. • Worm virus: This type of virus gets into the computer like a malicious insect along with any file. Then it attacks the special files of the computer by making automatic copies and enters and disrupts the normal functioning of the computer. Computer viruses can be mainly divided into two categories on the basis of their destructive effect, like: (i) Program Viruses (ii) Boot sector virus. Program virus: This type of virus adds virus code to the first or last part of the executable file. In this case the number of bytes of the executable file shows more or less than the actual number. In this case, some common words can be noted ...

Software maintenance tools Software maintenance tools and system tools used in Windows operating system for software maintenance are backup, character map, disk clean-up, disk defragmentation, file and setting transfer wizard, schedule task, security center, system information and system restore. Below are descriptions of three commonly used tools (Disk Clean-up, Scan Disk or Check Disk, and Disk Defragmentation): (a) Disk clean-up: Many unnecessary files accumulate in the computer system at various times, such as temporary files, files downloaded from the Internet, files stored in Recycle Bin. All these files occupy the memory or space of the computer system. All these unnecessary file systems can be deleted using disk clean-up tool. The following unnecessary files can be deleted using disk clean-up tool. * Temporary Internet files * Downloaded program files * Deposit file in recycle bin * Temporary files (b) Scan Disk: If there is any error in the saved file, it can be corrected us...

Computer maintenance methods from controlling physical damage to computers Maintenance from dust and smoke: Computers can be damaged by dust as follows-- (i) Due to non-conductive coating of dust on various circuits, the heat generated in the circuit cannot be dissipated, resulting in damage to the circuit. (ii) Due to the formation of dust coating, the rotating components of the computer cannot rotate properly, resulting in various operational problems. (iii) Dust accumulation can damage the heads of disk drives. (iv) Cigarette ash dust can damage the data stored on the disk. The following steps can be taken to protect computer systems from dust:- (i) Computers should be properly cleaned at various time intervals. (ii) No smoking in the computer room. (iii) No powdered food should be consumed while sitting near the computer. (iv) Computers should not be placed where chalk is written on the blackboard. (v) The computer should be covered with a plastic cover. Maintenance due to temperat...

Malicious computer drivers Describe the malicious computer controllers: Various effects and causes work for computer damage. Some of these effects are natural, some are artificial and some are due to user inefficiency and carelessness. Besides, some negative actions intended by other users can damage the computer. Computer malware controllers can be broadly divided into four categories: (a) Physical damage controls (b) Malfunctioning controllers due to electrical problems (c) Software Malicious Controls (d) Improper Handling of Users. (a) Physical Harmful Controllers: Those harmful controllers that occur due to external conditions and environmental factors causing damage to the computer are called Physical Harmful Controllers. called physical damage control. The names of such controllers are: (i) Dust (ii) Smoke (iii) High Temperature (iv) Very Low Temperature (v) Magnetic Fields (vi) Liquid & Humidity (vii) Corrosion to Parts (viii) Noise or Interference. (b) Faulty currents due t...

General features of printers General Features of Printer : Information stored in the computer's memory comes to the printer 8 through the input/output interface. The printer records incoming data permanently on paper. Hard copies of letters, numbers, symbols, images etc. are made with the help of printer. Printers with different features are manufactured by different companies. Following are some common features of the printer: (i) Print speed: Print speed (Print speed) means the speed of printing. That is, how fast, how much information can be printed out, this amount is used to measure. Print speed is expressed as DPI (Do Per Inch), PPM (Page Per Minute) etc. (ii) Print Quality: The print quality of the printer is called print quality. These print standards are based on four types of print. These are Draft Print, Letter Quality Print, Normal Print and Best Print. Generally, normal and best quality prints are available in laser printers. (iii) Buffer size: The amount of data that ...

Functions of different keys on the keyboard: Keyboard is a device with many buttons consisting of letters, numbers, symbols etc. to provide various information or instructions to the computer. Keyboard is used as the most widely used input device. It has some additional buttons besides the required buttons. These additional buttons can be used to perform various commands on the computer. Normally keyboard has 104 number of buttons. These keys are divided into the following six categories, viz (i) Alphabetic Key (ii) Numeric Key (iii) Function Key (iv) Cursor Key (v) Special Key (vi) Command Key (i) Alphabetic Key: The keys A to Z in the middle of the keyboard are called alphabetic keys. These keys are used to type various characters. (ii) Numeric Key: The ten keys from 0 to 9 located below the function keys of the keyboard are called numeric keys. Numbers are typed using these keys. (iii) Function : The keys from F1 to F12 located on the top row of the keyboard are called function keys...

Analog Electronics (i) The branch of electronics technology that analyzes and discusses the design, construction, operational use, advantages, disadvantages, etc. of analogue signals and various circuits and devices operated by analogue signals is called analogue electronics. The branch of electronics technology that deals with digital signals, numbers and the design, construction, operation, use, advantages and disadvantages of various circuits and devices operated by digital signals. Various topics are analyzed and discussed, called digital electronics. (ii) Analog electronics systems use ever-changing electrical signals. Digital electronics systems have two defined levels of signals. (iii) Analog electronics are difficult to diagnose due to variations in signal. Since there are only two layers in the digital electronics system, fault diagnosis is easy. (vi) Signal processing circuit components are quite expensive in analogue electronics systems. Circuits used for signals in digital ...

Based on the interface, operating systems are divided into two categories, namely: (i) Text or character-based operating system (ii) Image-based operating system. Text or letter-based operating systems: In text-based operating systems, commands are executed by typing them in the command prompt according to their structure. Commands are written using letters, words, numbers, symbols, etc. To work in this system, the user needs to know the commands and syntax in advance and work by writing commands according to the syntax. Being color based this operating system is difficult and boring to work with. Commands have to be typed by keyboard only. A. Network, Internet system is not working. This system requires relatively little memory to operate, cannot run multiple programs simultaneously, supports only one user, and requires the use of a keyboard to move the cursor. No pictures, images or icons can be used in this command. Examples: MS-DOS, TOS, BOS, UNIX et cetera. Characteristics of tex...

Basic concepts of operating system The main purpose of the operating system is to-- • Creation of working environment: The operating system that creates a better working environment, the better and improved the operating system. • Coordinator: It coordinates between hardware and software. It acts as a coordinator between user tasks and all devices. • Automatic management: When a problem arises, it automatically understands what to do. If the appropriate solution is not provided, the operating system may automatically shut down the computer by itself. • Control of computer operations: The objective of the operating system is to control the speed of input/output operations by programs. • Memory management: helps the computer to work faster in stages by storing different files so that they can be found easily. this • Working based on priority: All the tasks that are directed to the computer are carried out based on priority. • Input/Output Management (I/O Management): It is the task o...

Describe the different types of computer memory Memory is the place to hold memories or information. Information can be stored here. Memory is mainly of two types, (a) Main memory/Primary memory (b) Auxiliary memory/Secondary memory Main memory is again of two types, namely-- (i) RAM or Random Access Memory (ii) ROM or Read-only memory (ROM or Read-only memory). 1. Main memory/ Primary memory: The memory with which ALU has a direct connection is called the main memory. The main memory also needs to be very fast as it is directly connected to the ALU and capable of very fast calculations. All the information and instructions that are always needed are kept in the main memory. In addition, the necessary data and instructions for the calculations performed by the ALU are fetched from the auxiliary memory and temporarily stored in the main memory. After the calculation is finished they are moved back to the auxiliary memory. Main memory is of three types namely--  (a) Internal, (b) Ex...