Basic concepts of operating system
The main purpose of the operating system is to--
• Creation of working environment: The operating system that creates a better working environment, the better and improved the operating system.
• Coordinator: It coordinates between hardware and software. It acts as a coordinator between user tasks and all devices.
• Automatic management: When a problem arises, it automatically understands what to do. If the appropriate solution is not provided, the operating system may automatically shut down the computer by itself.
• Control of computer operations: The objective of the operating system is to control the speed of input/output operations by programs.
• Memory management: helps the computer to work faster in stages by storing different files so that they can be found easily. this
• Working based on priority: All the tasks that are directed to the computer are carried out based on priority.
• Input/Output Management (I/O Management): It is the task of the operating system to control the input/output devices through various types of control signals and ensure their proper use.
• Provision of data security: The operating system plays an important role in ensuring that the data stored in the memory is not tampered with and not damaged by the user.
• It is the job of the operating system to decide what the computer will do next.
• Load and run programs in internal memory.
• Carrying out orders/instructions.
• Automates the user interface of compilers, assemblers, utility programs and other software.
• Formats the new disk and makes it usable.
• Monitors hardware errors and displays their results on the screen.
• The function of the operating system is to facilitate easy communication between the computer system and the user.
What are the most commonly used operating systems?
Below is the list of operating systems:
(i) TOS (Tape Operating System).
(ii) BOS (Basic Operating System).
(iii) DOS (Disk Operating System).
(vi) OS/VS (Operating System/Virtuals).
(v) CP/M (Control Program/for Microcomputer).
(vi) UNIX.
(vii) LINUX (Distro).
(viii) XENIX
(ix) MAC OS
(x) Windows 2000.
(xi) Windows XP,
(xii) Windows Vista,
(xiii) Windows NT
(xiv) Windows 7,
(xv) Windows 8.1.
(xv) Windows 8.
(xvi) Windows 10.
Different types of operating systems and classification of operating systems
The operating system can be divided into different categories based on its structure, storage device usage and functions. Namely:
(i) Batch processing operating system
(ii) Multiprogramming/multitasking operating systems
(iii) Multiprocessing operating system.
(iv) Real-Time Operating System
(v) Time-sharing operating system
(vi) Distributed Operating Systems
(vii) Interactive Mode Operating System
(vii) Dedicated Operating System.
Below is a brief introduction to some types of operating systems:
(i) batch processing operating system; Data or information can be collected and processed simultaneously. In this system, when one job is completed, the next job starts processing. The DOS operating system is a classic example of batch processing.
(ii) Multiprogramming/Multitasking Operating System: Multiple programs can run simultaneously in a multiprogram operating system. Running many programs simultaneously is called multiprogramming or multitasking. In this system, main memory is divided into several parts. Each part is called a region or partition. Processing tasks are solved as per the priority of the program. DM/SP (VM/SP), Unix etc. multiprogramming system operating system.
(iii) Multiprocessing Operating System: Multiple processors can run simultaneously in a multiprocessing operating system. Running many processors simultaneously is called multiprocessing. This system has a large and a small processor. The larger processor is called the main processor or CPU and the smaller processor is called the front-end processor or support processor. The work speed can be increased through this system. Unix is a popular multiprocessing operating system.
(iv) Real-Time Operating System: In a real-time or real-time operating system, processing tasks can be completed instantly. This method saves users time. Processing works as the priority of work. More important tasks are processed before less important tasks. Real-time operating systems are used in gas and petroleum refineries.
(v) Time-sharing operating system: Such an operating system divides the processing time among different programs or users. The processor periodically executes the tasks of many users in a time-sharing manner.
(vi) Distributed Operating System: In this operating system multiple computer systems are controlled and supervised. Such an operating system can be used to manage a large computer network at a very low cost.
(vii) Interactive mode operating system: In this method, the user can process any program, debug, get answers to any question or get output or result at any time with the help of a computer directly or terminal.
(viii) Dedicated Operating System: Dedicated operating system is used in servers with local and wide area networks.
Based on the interface, operating systems are divided into two categories, namely:
(i) Text or character-based operating system
(ii) Image-based operating system.
Text or letter-based operating systems: In text-based operating systems, commands are executed by typing them in the command prompt according to their structure. Commands are written using letters, words, numbers, symbols, etc. To work in this system, the user needs to know the commands and syntax in advance and work by writing commands according to the syntax. Being color based this operating system is difficult and boring to work with. Commands have to be typed by keyboard only. A. Network, Internet system is not working. This system requires relatively little memory to operate, cannot run multiple programs simultaneously, supports only one user, and requires the use of a keyboard to move the cursor. No pictures, images or icons can be used in this command. Examples: MS-DOS, TOS, BOS, UNIX et cetera.
Features of text or character-based operating systems:
(1) All commands have to be typed to work.
(ii) Cannot run more than one program simultaneously.
(iii) Supports only one user at a time.
(iv) All operations including moving the cursor should be done using the keyboard.
(v) File copy, delete and move must follow the path according to the specified syntax.
(vi) Networking or Internet systems are not functional in text or character-based operating systems.
(vii) To operate the computer by memorizing commands and syntaxes.
(viii) No visible pictures, images or words or icons may be used to give commands.
Graphical Operating System: Operating a computer by applying commands through graphics or images is called Graphical User Interface (GUI) operating system. It contains graphical images and pull-down menus for various tasks. Commands can be applied with either mouse or keyboard. It does not require memorizing commands and syntaxes. This system is relatively slow and requires more memory. Working in this operating system is easy and convenient. Networking, sharing, and internet systems are very effective. Microsoft Corporation developed image based operating system in 1985. The first and second versions were not very popular, but later in 1990, the 3.0 version became popular. Next came version 3.1 and the following year version 3.3. In 1995, the Windows 95 operating system with advanced graphics, networking and Internet facilities came into the market. Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows XP, and Windows 7 came in the market as Windows 95 and advanced versions.
Features of the image-based operating system --
(i) Graphical operating systems have the advantage of using on-screen overlapping windows.
(ii) Commands can be executed with either mouse or keyboard.
(iii) It does not require memorization of commands.
(iv) It contains visual images for the task like buttons, icons, menus etc. As a result, work can be done quickly and easily
(v) Pull-down menu dialogue boxes, selection lists, etc. are available for ease of work, in which even less skilled users can work by looking at images or icons.
(vi) Networking, file sharing, internet etc. are easier and more effective in image-based operating systems.
(vii) Multiple programs can be run simultaneously.
(viii) supports one or more users at the same time.
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