The Tech Storror

Question-1. What is data type? Answer: In our daily life we ​​have to work with a lot of data. That is why the use of database for personal and institutional needs is increasing day by day. And the database means a collection of many different types of data. Different types of data are divided into categories according to application or use. These different types of data are called data types. When creating a database in Microsoft Access, it is necessary to determine what type of data will be stored in which field. Database programs perform different operations based on the type of data. Any data entry cannot be done in any field. For example - text for data like letters or letters, numbers for data like numbers or numbers etc. Question-2. What are field properties? Or, what are field properties? Answer: Database has some properties for each field of data table. Field properties are displayed depending on the data type. These data properties determine the shape of the field, how the da...

  Data Encryption & Decryption  Data Encryption: Data encryption is to keep data safe from the use of unauthorized persons/organizations. Encrypted data usually prevents unauthorized persons/institutions from accessing the data. The source or sender of the data encrypts the data using specific codes. When the data reaches the destination or recipient, the data has to be decrypted before use. In this case, the sender has to inform the Encrypt rule or the Decrypt rule to the recipient. The original message is changed by decrypting the encrypted data using the same method or algorithm. Different methods of data encryption: There are various types of data encryption rules in use, viz (i) Caesar Code and (ii) Data encryption standards. The Caesar code has been used to encrypt data since the time of Roman Emperor Julius Caesar. The Data Encryption Standard-DES invented by the American National Bureau of Standard NBS is the most widely used encryption method. The method of encryp...

Types of data view labels  There are three types of data view labels, complete with-- (i) External View (ii) Conceptual view (iii) Internal view to describe briefly--- (i) External view  : External view or user view is the topmost position of the database system. An external view is described by an external schema (schema). Entities, Attributes, Relationships etc are all covered. The external label contains the client itself. A customer of any scheme can get the loan related information as per his/her need by going down. But the status of the customer is not possible after knowing the insider of the other. (ii) Conceptual Global View: It is described by the conceptual schema, including all the entities in the label database and the relationships between them. A schema indicates the flow of information from the internal view. For example, the responsibility of the schema rests with the head of the ownership party. Those who can transact with customers can say that customers h...

Attribute, Entity, Data value Attribute Fields or items or elements used to express the properties of an entity are called attributes. For example, a teacher's name, address, phone number, department, etc. is an attribute. Attributes can be of two types. (i) Simple Attributes (eg Name, Address etc.) (ii) Composite Attributes (eg – First Name, Last Name, Road No., House No., Area etc.).  Entity Entity is the main unit required for standard classification of real or non-real objects. The entity may have real presence or it may be based only on concept. Examples of data entities are building, room, chair, business contract, syllabus, machine, employee, country, nation, student, teacher etc. Of course NT will have some properties. Eg - student is an entity whose attributes are student name, roll no, age, class etc. An entity type or entity set for an organization is a set of similar 'objects' containing data related to that organization. So the entities associated with the subj...

Elements of Database Environment Building a database system requires a modern database environment. Modern database environments require different components. The following shows the major components of a modern database environment and their interrelationships. (i) Computer Aided Software Engineering Tools -CASE Tools: A type of software tools, which automatically help the system development process. Case tools are used in database design and application programming. (ii) Repository: It is a central knowledge repository, which contains data descriptions, data relationships, forms and report formats and other components of the system. Various components of database management system like other components of information system are stored in this repository. (iii) Database Management System: A database management system is a set of software used to create, modify, store, control and manage databases. Databases and repositories can be created, maintained, and controlled, usually through c...

Types of Database Management System Database management systems can be divided into various categories, namely, client server databases, distributed databases, hypermedia and web databases. They are described below: Client Server Database: In the client server network system, the server and the work station are both processed, that is, both the server and the workstation can work. As a result, certain tasks can be outsourced to servers and workstations as needed. Workstations can use the server's resources and the server can assist the workstation in processing tasks. Client server database is established based on this concept. The client sends a request to the server to obtain a service; The server provides data or services according to the client's request and other rules. The operation of client server database can be divided into two, namely— (1) Front-end  (ii) Back End The front end of the database system consists of several tools such as forms, reports, graphical user i...

Database System and Database Management System- DBMS A set of programs used to create, store, and perform various operations on a database by collecting interrelated data is called a database management system or DBMS. When the data is related to each other and collects information about a particular subject, it is called a database. Database Creation, Control, Maintenance, Modernization Data Editing The programs included in the management system are used to create database, enter database, modernize data, edit data etc. A database management system plays a coordinating role between the database and the user. Some instance of the Database Management System Programs-- (i) dBase (ii) Microsoft Foxpro (iv) Microsoft Visual Basic (iii) Microsoft Visual FoxPro (vi) 4D (v) Microsoft Access (vii) SQL (viii) Power Builder (x) Oracle (ix) Delphi  (xi) Java (xii) Informix (xiii) File Marker Pro (xiv) Paradox (xv) MySql (xvi) Postgress (xvii) MariaDb etc. Basic functions of database managemen...

1. Investigation  In this step of processing, the nature of the problem, the cause of the problem and the possibility of solving the problem are considered. The factors that are considered in this step of information search are:  (i) To know about existing procedures and to inspect if necessary. (ii) System selection through survey work (iii) Possibility of system solution (iv) To judge the feasibility of the system and (v) Preparation of reports. Then data is collected from reports, documents etc. and decisions are made about the objectives, features and other necessary aspects of the proposed method. The feasibility of the system is judged by comparing and analyzing different systems. System Feasibility Report is prepared after data analysis. The report covers the following topics-- (i) Basic description of the proposed system including features, (ii) the economic, technical, institutional and managerial feasibility of the proposed approach and  (iii) Outline of propose...

System Development Method: The strategy adopted by a development group to create an organization's information system using various tools and techniques is called the information system development method. Currently, there are various development methods used to create information systems, such as waterfall model information, spiral model, prototype model, etc. Among them, the waterfall model is quite old; But nowadays it is used in many cases. Information system implementation in the waterfall model is a structured process. This process consists of several interrelated steps. The different stages of the waterfall model are also called system development cycles. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC):  System development involves correcting the existing system by removing its defects, disadvantages, etc., formulating its well-planned outline through judicious analysis and research to establish a completely new system. The system development cycle is a cyclical process. In this cycli...

Information System It is desirable to collect data or data required to perform any programming work. The collected data is processed by computer and becomes meaningful information. Information systems are no different from any other system. Like any other system it has input, processing, output, feedback. The difference of information system with other systems is mainly the physical difference of its input and output. Information systems take data as input. Information systems perform routine tasks by producing information as output.

Plagiarism Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone's work and publishing it under your own name. Plagiarism is the complete copying or partial modification of a person's literary, research or editorial work and published under one's own name. Copying even important phrases of a text falls into plagiarism. Plagiarism is an illegal act. Everyone should come forward to prevent this. Cyber ​​Plagiarism Cyber-plagiarism is the act of copying or downloading part or all of an article or research paper obtained from the Internet or using an idea obtained from the Web without mentioning the original source. Nowadays, cyber plagiarism is widely seen, which is completely illegal and illegal. Data Preservation Law: Information technology can be used to collect and store large amounts of data. Rapid processing turns data into valuable information, which can be transmitted and shared across ICT systems. Personal data: Data related to individual lifestyles can be transferred from one IC...

Software Piracy  Software piracy is a major problem for software manufacturing companies. Software piracy refers to the act of copying software without the permission of the manufacturer, distributing it under one's own name or continuing it as one's own through any modification. That is, software piracy is making illegal copies of software for sale or use without paying royalties to software producers. The process of developing and testing a new software before releasing it is very expensive and the theft of software due to piracy causes huge financial loss to the organization. As a result of software piracy, a software can be used without a license, on the one hand it reduces the intellectual value of the program, on the other hand it causes financial loss. Many countries around the world have copyright laws to protect the copyright of programs. Copy right law in the United Kingdom (UK) makes it illegal to make additional copies of software for use or sale without permission....

Computer Hacking  Using a computer by entering a computer network illegally or without permission, losing information, stealing information, distorting information or taking complete control of another's computer in a special way is called hacking. Those who do hacking are called hackers. That is, all activities of hackers are called hacking. Hacking can be legal or illegal. Those who hack illegally are called black hat hackers. Hackers use special software to attack different computers in the network. This particular type of software is called spyware. It is a software which is installed on the computer without the knowledge of the user. Software user information; For example by stealing passwords, e-mail numbers, credit card numbers etc. Among the criminal activities that are carried out through hacking, the notable activities are as follows-  (i) Accessing other's computer information with the help of spyware using the Internet. (ii) steal passwords by illegally monitoring ...

Logic bombs Logic bombs are instructions written in computer code, which Can be hidden in the software and activated at a specific date and time. Once activated, logic bombs begin to take control of the computer and damage or even delete data files. Criminals intimidate businesses into doing this and demand money from them.

Spamming E-mail accounts often receive some unknown and unnecessary e-mails, which annoys us. This type of e-mail is commonly called spam mail. And when an institution or a specific person is one of E-mail addresses occupy memory by sending hundreds or even millions of mails, a process called spamming. Spamming is usually done to keep a web server busy or to damage its performance by filling its memory and storage with unnecessary information. Web servers block the domain from which the spam is coming to prevent this spamming. As a result no one else can send any mail from the domain. But no web server is free from spam mail.

Computer Crime Many businesses are now so dependent on the data stored in their computer systems that if the data is lost or damaged, it becomes difficult to operate normally. Data is usually damaged or lost due to human error. Sometimes data is intentionally damaged or stolen. It is important to take steps to protect against data theft, loss or damage. They must be sure that if this happens they will get their data back. The proliferation of Information Communications Technology or ICT is increasing the misuse of stored data. Data stored in computers is often easier to misuse than paper-based systems. (i) Can be changed without leaving the route. (ii) Large amounts of data can be stored and searched quickly. (iii) Data can be transferred instantly using e-mail and internet. (vi) Programs may be designed to damage computer systems. (vi) the program may be designed to damage computer systems; Examples of such programs are viruses and logic bombs.  (iv) Hacker can attack the communic...

 Health hazards in computer operation Dizziness In the age of information technology, most of the work is done using computers. While working with the computer many times continuously You have to sit and work in the same posture. Some parts of the body have to be operated in the same posture while working on the computer. As a result, the user may experience various problems. In medicine, this type of problem is called 'repetitive strain injury. People who spend a lot of time typing or are busy gathering information on the Internet or any other work can get this disease. Currently, this disease is more common among students or children aged 12 to 25 years. Different types of diseases can occur in different parts of the body, especially hands, neck, eyes, head etc. This problem can be avoided by arranging the seats of various equipment and users including computers in the correct manner. Safe health and do's in computer operation: Reasons and ways to solve some physical problems...

Flip-flop   Flip-flop is a type of memory element. Flip-flops are used as the internal memory of computers. Binary information with digital signals is stored with the help of electronic circuits. The circuit used for this purpose is called flip-flop. It is abbreviated as FF. FF circuit has two inputs and two outputs. Applying a voltage of level one binary 1 and the other binary 0 to the two inputs produces digital outputs labeled binary 1 and binary 0 to the output two. Now if the input level is reversed, i.e. 1 where it was before and 0 where it was 1, then the output signal is also reversed. So the output of FF can be set to either 1 or 0 state as desired by the input. Latch : FF circuit is also known as latch. The word latch means door hook. When the hook is attached, the door is closed and the door can be opened by opening the hook. Likewise, keeping the latch circuit in the set state (Q = 1, and Q = 0) preserves logic (1). This is why the FF circuit is known as a latch. B...

Karnaugh Map  A widely used method for simplifying logic figures or determining the simplest figure from the truth table is the Karnaugh map = K-map method. It is known as Karnaugh map because Maurice Karnaugh invented the method. It is a graphical design, with the help of which a logical expression can be expressed in a simple and concise form. Procedure : (i) The truth table of the arithmetic to be simplified must first be constructed. (ii) Number of cells should be created in columns and rows according to the number of input variables. (iii) How many cells there will be depends on the formula x = 2n. Here, x = number of cells n = number of variables ie, Y = AB+ AB Number of cells in x = 22 i.e. 4 (iv) 1 should be placed in the specified cell for all the maps whose values ​​are high i.e. 1 in the truth table. (v) Place (blank) in all other cells. (vi) If there are 1's in two or four or eight cells side by side in the map then groups should be formed with them. (vii) Determine the...

Logic Gate  When a number or sum can be operated through a certain rule, then that rule is called logic. And the circuits which are designed based on these logical principles and have one or more inputs and only one output are called logic gates. A gate is basically a digital circuit. Gates play a key role in modern digital circuit design and analysis. Different types of logic gates are available as separate ICs. Types of basic logic gates- Logic gates are mainly of three types, namely-- (i) AND Gate, (ii) OR Gate,  (iii) NOT Gate. called basic gate.  AND Gate: AND Gate means a logic circuit, which has two or more inputs and only one output and the output will be High  if all the inputs are High together. Otherwise the output will be low. Here High means '1' and Low means '0'. A OR Gate (OR Gate): It is a logic circuit whose output is high when any of its inputs is high. The output is low only when all inputs are low. It has two or more inputs and a single output....