The Tech Storror

Information Systems An information system is a system consisting of people and machines, which process data and makes it useful for users. That is, an information system is an integrated system of human resources, hardware, software, communication network and data resources, which collect, store, present, modernize and exchange and process information from one organization to another organization. The use of computers has made data processing much easier, error-free and faster, and the distribution of information between different users or organizations has become much easier. Below are some more definitions of an information system: An information system is a combination of human resources, hardware, software, network systems and data resources that collect, transforms and process the information an organization needs. Technically, an information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, (or retrieve), process, store and distribute information to support organizational ...

Data Transmission System Asynchronous Transmission: A data transmission system in which characters are transmitted from sender to receiver is called asynchronous transmission. In this method the sender does not require any primary storage medium for data transmission. Main features of asynchronous data transmission: (i) The sender does not require any primary storage device for data transmission. (ii) In this method of data transmission the sender can transmit the data at any time and the receiver can also transmit it. (iii) In this method of data transmission, the time between the transmission of one character and the transmission of another character may vary rather than be equal. (iv) Each character has a start bit at the beginning and end transmission is also called start/stop transmission. Advantages, Disadvantages and Uses of Asynchronous Data Transmission Advantages of asynchronous data transmission: (i) At any time the sender can send data and the receiver can receive it. (ii) ...

Program Design Model  Programmers use many instructions in writing programs. Solve the problem by arranging these instructions logically. Long after the program is written, it is often difficult for the programmer to understand his own written program. Therefore, various programming approaches are currently in use for writing programs in order to increase the comprehensibility of the program. Below is a brief description of them: Structured Programming: A set of instructions used to solve a problem is called a program. If the problem to be programmed is very complex then the number of instructions used in the program is very high. When the program gets big, it becomes buggy and runs into various problems. In these cases, a structured program has to be used. Statements used in a structured program perform their own tasks from within their respective classes. Return control to the main body by executing operations from the main body of the program using various class statements. Str...

Differences between database indexing and sorting Indexing (i) It takes relatively less time to sort random data. (ii) After indexing the data file in this method, new records are automatically added to the correct location. (iii) Sorting of data file by indexing method keeps serialization of records of file in main table. (iv) When a data file is indexed, a new index file is created and the original table file remains unchanged. (v) Sorting by indexing requires additional space in memory as additional index files are created. (vi) Alphabetically, Numerically, Indexing can be done. Sorting (i) Sorting random data takes more time than indexing.   (ii) After sorting the data file in this method, if new records are added, the file has to be sorted again. (iii) When the data file is sorted by the sorting method, the serialization of the records in the original table file is not correct. (iv) When the data file is sorted, the original table file is stored in memory in a sorted state. (v...

In relational database management systems The features of relational database management system are as follows: (i) Entry can be made easily by creating tables. (ii) Relationships can be created between a data table and one or more other data tables. (iii) Requirement of data can be found out of large amount of data.  (iv) Data entry can be controlled with the help of data validation. (v) Easily exchange information from one database to another. (vi) Fine arithmetic operations can be performed on numerical data. (vii) Reports can be easily generated and printed in various formats. (viii) Labels can be made and printed with required information. (ix) Entry form can be generated. (x) Different types of charts can be created. (ii) Executable (exe) file can be created by converting the program into binary code. (xii) Menus can be easily created with the help of Menu Builder. (xiii) Attractive data entry forms can be created. (xiv) Import or use data from other database programs (eg Fox...

Various components of the database window  A database is in the form of a container or window, in which similar objects in the database are grouped together. The database window consists of several tabs. Database tables and other objects are stored under different tabs, the object to be created is selected from the database window. Below is a brief introduction to the various components of the database window. Tables: The tables are stored under this tab. From here a table can be changed, modified, or a new database created. Queries: From this tab you can get the list of all the queries in the current database. From here one can manage a query, change the query, modify it or create a new query. Forms: All reports and forms of the current database can be found from this tab. From here a report can be modified or a new report can be created. Report: Report is to display or print the information in the format as desired by the users. Page: Database Access page can be created to work w...

Question-1. What is database? Answer: The word Data means data and the word Base means assembly. So a collection of interrelated data that can be stored in a computer is called a database. For example, information of students of an institution, voter list, information of employees of a company, etc. Question-2. What is the field? Answer: Different parts of the record are called fields. Basically column heading is called field. such as  Name, Roll, Class, Age are each separate fields. Question-3. What is the record? Answer: The collection of data of several fields of a Data Table is called Record. Basically, the Record is obtained by combining the data of the rows of the Table. Question-4. What does the word query mean? Answer: Displaying specific data from a database through specific conditions very quickly and easily is called a query. Data can be conveniently selected using expressions, operators, filters, etc. in the query. Queries can be of various types are--- (i) Select Query...

Fundamental Operation of SQL SQL in data definition Data is defined or defined using SQL through the CREATE statement. An example is given below CREATE TABLE Employee() Emp_No NUMBER (5) NOT NULL Name CHAR (20) Skill CHAR (20) pay_rate NUMBER (10, 2); Explanation of the statement: (i) A table named Employee can be created through this SQL. The table will have four fields named Emp_No, Name, Skill and Pay_rate. (ii) Emp_No field will be NUMBER type data and this field will never be empty as it is declared as NOT NULL. (iii) Name field will be Character tight data and its length will be 20. (iv) The Skill field will be Character tight data and its length will be 20. (v) Pay_rate field will be NUMBER data type and its length will be 10 and 2 digits after decimal. Now let's say we want to add a new field to this table. Then type the following command: ALTER TABLE Employee ADD Phone_No NUMBER (10); Now type the following command to delete the Employee table. DROP TABLE Employee. SQL in ...

Composition of Network Data Model and Relational Data Model --- Network Data Model A network database contains links between records. This is very similar to the NTT relationship model. Difference between network data model and relational data model: Network Data Model: (i) Linking between records in the database. (ii) Complex linkage between organization records is used. (iii) It is very similar to NTT relationship model. (iv) A record can be connected quickly with the help of organization Relational Data Model: (i) Different types of relationships exist in such databases. (ii) Creates relationships between tables. Records are used. (iii) Many tables are related to each other. (iv) Relationships between one table and another can be linked.

Relationship & Entity Set   Relation: To work with large amount of data, different types of data tables have to be created. Various types of data can be presented and used as desired by establishing relationships between data in one data table and another data table. The relationship between data in one data table and data in one or more data tables is called a relation. All the data tables in which the relation is to be established must have at least one common field. Relationships are established based on this common field. Data relationships cannot be created at will. For this, some conditions have to be met, such as-  (i) A relational data table should have a common field, which field name, data type, field size format, etc. should be exactly the same. (ii) A field in a relational data table is identified as a primary key. Relationship Benefits: Establishing relationships between multiple data tables provides many benefits. Some of the notable ones are-- (i) It is easy...

1. Investigation  In this step of processing, the nature of the problem, the cause of the problem and the possibility of solving the problem are considered. The factors that are considered in this step of information search are:  (i) To know about existing procedures and to inspect if necessary. (ii) System selection through survey work (iii) Possibility of system solution (iv) To judge the feasibility of the system and (v) Preparation of reports. Then data is collected from reports, documents etc. and decisions are made about the objectives, features and other necessary aspects of the proposed method. The feasibility of the system is judged by comparing and analyzing different systems. System Feasibility Report is prepared after data analysis. The report covers the following topics-- (i) Basic description of the proposed system including features, (ii) the economic, technical, institutional and managerial feasibility of the proposed approach and  (iii) Outline of propose...

Information System It is desirable to collect data or data required to perform any programming work. The collected data is processed by computer and becomes meaningful information. Information systems are no different from any other system. Like any other system it has input, processing, output, feedback. The difference of information system with other systems is mainly the physical difference of its input and output. Information systems take data as input. Information systems perform routine tasks by producing information as output.

Software Piracy  Software piracy is a major problem for software manufacturing companies. Software piracy refers to the act of copying software without the permission of the manufacturer, distributing it under one's own name or continuing it as one's own through any modification. That is, software piracy is making illegal copies of software for sale or use without paying royalties to software producers. The process of developing and testing a new software before releasing it is very expensive and the theft of software due to piracy causes huge financial loss to the organization. As a result of software piracy, a software can be used without a license, on the one hand it reduces the intellectual value of the program, on the other hand it causes financial loss. Many countries around the world have copyright laws to protect the copyright of programs. Copy right law in the United Kingdom (UK) makes it illegal to make additional copies of software for use or sale without permission....

Computer Hacking  Using a computer by entering a computer network illegally or without permission, losing information, stealing information, distorting information or taking complete control of another's computer in a special way is called hacking. Those who do hacking are called hackers. That is, all activities of hackers are called hacking. Hacking can be legal or illegal. Those who hack illegally are called black hat hackers. Hackers use special software to attack different computers in the network. This particular type of software is called spyware. It is a software which is installed on the computer without the knowledge of the user. Software user information; For example by stealing passwords, e-mail numbers, credit card numbers etc. Among the criminal activities that are carried out through hacking, the notable activities are as follows-  (i) Accessing other's computer information with the help of spyware using the Internet. (ii) steal passwords by illegally monitoring ...

Karnaugh Map  A widely used method for simplifying logic figures or determining the simplest figure from the truth table is the Karnaugh map = K-map method. It is known as Karnaugh map because Maurice Karnaugh invented the method. It is a graphical design, with the help of which a logical expression can be expressed in a simple and concise form. Procedure : (i) The truth table of the arithmetic to be simplified must first be constructed. (ii) Number of cells should be created in columns and rows according to the number of input variables. (iii) How many cells there will be depends on the formula x = 2n. Here, x = number of cells n = number of variables ie, Y = AB+ AB Number of cells in x = 22 i.e. 4 (iv) 1 should be placed in the specified cell for all the maps whose values ​​are high i.e. 1 in the truth table. (v) Place (blank) in all other cells. (vi) If there are 1's in two or four or eight cells side by side in the map then groups should be formed with them. (vii) Determine the...

Difference between manual information system and computer based information system Computer Based Information System: (i) Computer based information system consists of human resource hardware, software, communication network and data resources. (ii) These systems use hardware, software, communication networks and data resources. (iii) The process of data processing is much easier, the effort is much less but the result is much more than that. (iv) It is also less time consuming and error prone. (v) collects, transforms and processes the information of an organization with the help of such information system and provides it as required by the organization. (vi) Examples of Computer Based Information Systems: Office Automation System, Management Information System, Transaction Processing System, Management Support System, Bank Management System etc. Manual Information System (i) Manual information system without computer or any other electronic equipment, making, using and exchanging inf...

Decision support and executive support systems Decision Support System-DSS: Decision support is a comprehensive computer-based information system, which helps management in decision-making. Such systems collect various business data and generate reports, which help in future decision making. Data is collected in transaction processing systems, reports are prepared using data stored in management information systems, and decision support systems analyze the status of reports to assist in decision making. DSS can be used by middle managers as well as top managers. DSS helps managers to make semi-structured, unique or rapidly changing decisions. It is used on a daily basis by the shipping manager to execute a variety of contracts. Features of Decision Support System: (i) Decision support systems use sophisticated analysis and modeling tools. (ii) DSS helps the manager in taking semi-structured, unique or rapidly changing decisions. (iii) DSS is used by middle and top level managers. (v) ...

Clasification of computer network Computer communication, information sharing, electronic mail, electronic libraries, bulletin boards, etc. using computer networks are increasing in prevalence and spread. As a result, different types of networks are used in different countries of the world today. That is why the computer networks used in the world are classified from different points of view: namely-- (a) Classification of Networks by Ownership : (i) Private Networks and (ii) Public network. (b) Computer network according to type of work According to the type of work computer network can be mainly divided into three parts. These are- (i) Peer-to-peer network (ii) Client-server network (iii) Hybrid network (c) Classification of networks according to geographical extent : (i) Personal Area Network (PAN) (ii) Local Area Network (Local Area Network-LAN) (iii) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) (iv) Wide Area Network (Wide Area Network-WAN) In general, network segmentation refers to the classi...

Basic Concept on Computer Network Network A network is a system where everyone can share information or work together. For example, suppose the postal department delivers letters across the country. For this the postal department has a nationwide network. They have different offices in different places in this network, there are some rules and regulations. Here every part of the network is working. If the postal department does not have such work then they cannot work. Such networks can be used in the case of computers. Network consists of different devices, which are connected by different communication links. Devices can be computers, printers etc. A computer is part of a network when it is connected to one or more other computers to share information. A minimum of two computers is required to network. Apart from that, the rules of how one computer will communicate with another computer, what their language will be, etc. are specified in advance. Computer network A computer network i...

Data transmission mode The mode of data movement depends on the direction of data movement. Data transmission modes are generally divided into three categories; namely- (i) Simplex mode or unidirectional mode, (ii) Half-duplex mode or meaning duplex mode, (iii) Full-duplex mode or pre-duplex mode or duplex mode. Simplex : The data transmission mode in which data is transmitted only in one direction is called simplex transmission mode. In this method data can be transmitted only in one direction. That is, the sending computer can send data to the receiving computer. But the receiving computer can never send the data to the sending computer. The first computer can only send data to the second computer. But the second computer cannot send data to the first computer. Half Duplex Mode : At this speed data can be sent in both directions but not simultaneously. When the sending computer sends data to the receiving computer, the receiving computer only receives the data. But the sender cannot ...