The Tech Storror

Information Systems An information system is a system consisting of people and machines, which process data and makes it useful for users. That is, an information system is an integrated system of human resources, hardware, software, communication network and data resources, which collect, store, present, modernize and exchange and process information from one organization to another organization. The use of computers has made data processing much easier, error-free and faster, and the distribution of information between different users or organizations has become much easier. Below are some more definitions of an information system: An information system is a combination of human resources, hardware, software, network systems and data resources that collect, transforms and process the information an organization needs. Technically, an information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, (or retrieve), process, store and distribute information to support organizational ...

 Hybrid network A mixed or hybrid network is essentially a combination of client-server and peer-to-peer networks. Generally, the client-server portion dominates in a hybrid network. However, in addition, there are sparsely coupled peer-to-peer network segments. Advantages of a hybrid network are: (i) Client-server applications can be housed and managed centrally. (ii) Users can control access to their respective computer resources and share their resources. Disadvantages of hybrid network are- (i) Having two types of networks makes it difficult for users to access the network. (ii) Need to remember different passwords for workgroups and servers/domains. (iii) Resources are located on different computers and cannot be managed centrally. Different versions of the same file can be scattered across different computers. (iv) Difficulty backing up files stored on different workstations. Network architecture Designing and implementing an effective network with respect to communication ru...

Connectors The cable connector is the daughter device between the network card and the cable. That is, it connects the network cable and (NIC). Notable among cable connectors are coaxial cable, 10 bit, Ethernet etc. Among them, 10 bit connector is comparatively much faster, reliable and widely used. The 10-pin connector looks a lot like a telephone wire. Some network cards support multiple connector types, thus providing multiple ports. Such cards are called combo cards. Recently, Ethernet technology has gained great popularity in the world of networking, to say that now Ethernet is a dominating (Dominating) technology. For that reason, if the network card of the computer is of combo type, then it is possible to upgrade it to use Ethernet technology. The following three types of connectors are commonly used in networks. These are-- a) RJ-45: It is used to connect UTP cable to network interface card or NIC. This connector has a total of 8 contact pins. These 8 pins are used in different...

Transmission media: When a PC communicates or wants to communicate with another PC, it has to take the help of some transmission media. The most commonly used media in the network are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable. Nowadays, the use of optical fiber is increasing greatly. Radio wave, microwave and infrared technologies are prominent among wireless media. Among these mediums, optical fiber has the highest data transfer speed. The type of medium used in a network depends on the type and location of that network. The connection system for exchanging information between the sender and the remote receiving end is called a channel. The means or methods used to implement the channel are called media. such as-- (i) Cable or wire. (ii) Common telephone lines. (ii) Radio waves. (iv) Microwave. (v) Geo-satellite systems etc. Cable or Wire: Cable is an important medium in data communication. Cables are generally used for data transfer over short range networking such as LAN...

  Software piracy and its prevention Software Piracy: Software piracy refers to the activity of copying software, distributing it, partially modifying it and continuing it under one's own name. Software piracy is also a crime like stealing other people's stuff. Due to software piracy, software manufacturers suffer financially. Some steps to prevent piracy: (i) The first step to prevent piracy is to comply with the prevailing laws of the country. (ii) When any software needs to be installed, patiently read the “Terms and Conditions” carefully. Not only read, but act upon it. If it infringes copyright, refrain from using it. (iii) The mentality of saving money by buying pirated software is not stopping. This mentality must end. If there is no money to buy the software, the software can be used with the permission of the specific organization or software manufacturer. In that case its use will not be illegal. (iv) Risk and Responsibility Offices should be encouraged to purchase an...

Control of power supply damage and its prevention Computers can have various problems related to power supply. Irregular supply of electricity is one of the problems related to computer power supply. Besides, not having proper voltage, frequent power supply, power return in shortest time interval, lack of earthing, fault in power supply unit, heating of internal parts of power supply unit, not getting proper voltage and signal at output power supply unit switch Not working mode etc. are some of the harmful regulators of power supply. All these problems and solutions are described below -- (a) Voltage problem : Damage to computers and other electrical appliances due to high voltage is a regular occurrence in our country. A voltage stabilizer can be used to avoid this condition. Many times when the voltage is much lower than required, any electrical appliance used in the home cannot be operated. In this case, the computer should be turned off. (b) Sudden power outage : Load shedding is a...

Things to do to prevent cyber crime It is always better to take determinative measures to prevent a crime than to take action against it after it has occurred. This also applies to online users. To avoid becoming a victim of cybercrime, one can easily stay free from cybercrime if some awareness and some preventive measures are always followed. Some of such preventive measures are described below: (i) One should refrain from presenting one's confidential information to others. (ii) Never send any photograph of yourself or someone you know online to a stranger or a chat friend. Because that kind of photography can be used for any evil purpose. (iii) Always use new and upgraded anti-virus to prevent virus attacks. (iv) Important data should always be backed up so that the data is not lost forever due to virus attack. (v) Never provide credit card number to any insecure website to stay financially risk free. (vi) Children should always monitor their browsing so that they do not access ...

Computer Virus Types of viruses The names of two species of virus in general are particularly noteworthy. Two types are Trojan horse and worm virus- • Trojan horse virus: This type of virus encourages the computer user to follow the message with some interesting message. By responding to the Trojan virus's call, the computer user is in immediate danger. • Worm virus: This type of virus gets into the computer like a malicious insect along with any file. Then it attacks the special files of the computer by making automatic copies and enters and disrupts the normal functioning of the computer. Computer viruses can be mainly divided into two categories on the basis of their destructive effect, like: (i) Program Viruses (ii) Boot sector virus. Program virus: This type of virus adds virus code to the first or last part of the executable file. In this case the number of bytes of the executable file shows more or less than the actual number. In this case, some common words can be noted ...

Malicious computer drivers Describe the malicious computer controllers: Various effects and causes work for computer damage. Some of these effects are natural, some are artificial and some are due to user inefficiency and carelessness. Besides, some negative actions intended by other users can damage the computer. Computer malware controllers can be broadly divided into four categories: (a) Physical damage controls (b) Malfunctioning controllers due to electrical problems (c) Software Malicious Controls (d) Improper Handling of Users. (a) Physical Harmful Controllers: Those harmful controllers that occur due to external conditions and environmental factors causing damage to the computer are called Physical Harmful Controllers. called physical damage control. The names of such controllers are: (i) Dust (ii) Smoke (iii) High Temperature (iv) Very Low Temperature (v) Magnetic Fields (vi) Liquid & Humidity (vii) Corrosion to Parts (viii) Noise or Interference. (b) Faulty currents due t...

General features of printers General Features of Printer : Information stored in the computer's memory comes to the printer 8 through the input/output interface. The printer records incoming data permanently on paper. Hard copies of letters, numbers, symbols, images etc. are made with the help of printer. Printers with different features are manufactured by different companies. Following are some common features of the printer: (i) Print speed: Print speed (Print speed) means the speed of printing. That is, how fast, how much information can be printed out, this amount is used to measure. Print speed is expressed as DPI (Do Per Inch), PPM (Page Per Minute) etc. (ii) Print Quality: The print quality of the printer is called print quality. These print standards are based on four types of print. These are Draft Print, Letter Quality Print, Normal Print and Best Print. Generally, normal and best quality prints are available in laser printers. (iii) Buffer size: The amount of data that ...

Based on the interface, operating systems are divided into two categories, namely: (i) Text or character-based operating system (ii) Image-based operating system. Text or letter-based operating systems: In text-based operating systems, commands are executed by typing them in the command prompt according to their structure. Commands are written using letters, words, numbers, symbols, etc. To work in this system, the user needs to know the commands and syntax in advance and work by writing commands according to the syntax. Being color based this operating system is difficult and boring to work with. Commands have to be typed by keyboard only. A. Network, Internet system is not working. This system requires relatively little memory to operate, cannot run multiple programs simultaneously, supports only one user, and requires the use of a keyboard to move the cursor. No pictures, images or icons can be used in this command. Examples: MS-DOS, TOS, BOS, UNIX et cetera. Characteristics of tex...

Basic concepts of operating system The main purpose of the operating system is to-- • Creation of working environment: The operating system that creates a better working environment, the better and improved the operating system. • Coordinator: It coordinates between hardware and software. It acts as a coordinator between user tasks and all devices. • Automatic management: When a problem arises, it automatically understands what to do. If the appropriate solution is not provided, the operating system may automatically shut down the computer by itself. • Control of computer operations: The objective of the operating system is to control the speed of input/output operations by programs. • Memory management: helps the computer to work faster in stages by storing different files so that they can be found easily. this • Working based on priority: All the tasks that are directed to the computer are carried out based on priority. • Input/Output Management (I/O Management): It is the task o...

Cloud Computing  Using different computing resources, such as hardware and software, through a computer network system is called cloud computing. The method used to access some global facilities by connecting to the Internet is called cloud computing. Through this, the remote user gets the data, software and results of the processing through the computer. Cloud computing services started in 2005. Amazon.com's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) was the first to offer this service. Although the concept of cloud computing is not new. The concept of central computing was introduced in the sixties. According to that idea, big companies plan to install a mega computer in every city. City dwellers will receive computer services through lines like electric or dish lines. The project did not materialize due to network speed limitations. The concept of grid computing in the 1990s is also basically a concept of cloud computing. At present, famous companies like IBM, Microsoft, Google etc. are provid...

Network Devices Modem :  The modem consists of Modulator Mo and Demodulator Dem Voice is an important and widely used electronic device used in computer communication systems. The computer is connected to the telephone line through a modem. As a result, it is possible to send data from a computer to any part of the world through a modem and phone line. In this case, the receiving computer must also be connected to the phone line through a modem.  The modem's function is to convert a digital signal to an analogue or modulate and Digitalize or demodulate analogue signals. Analogue signals can flow through normal telephone lines, but computers use digital signals. Therefore, the digital signal provided by the computer has to be converted into an analogue signal to be sent over the telephone line. And the work of converting this digital signal into an analogue signal is done by the modem connected to the sending computer. The modem sends the converted signal to the receiver over t...

Mobile Communication A mobile phone is a small electronic device for receiving and transmitting sound or data that has input and output units A display unit is also used to make a cellular phone or mobile phone. A mobile or cell phone receives the signal from the tower. Mobile phones within a few miles make connections through these towers. Generations of Mobile Telephone: Mobile phone technology has been divided into 4 generations from its inception to the present period. 1. First generation: The journey of this generation started in 1983. The first generation was mainly analogue mobile phones used the first generation of mobile phones was built on analogue systems. There are three notable systems in the first generation -- 1. Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 2. Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 3. Total Access Communication System (TACS) Features: 1. Using analogue systems as radio signals. 2. Use of mobile radio telephones as a mobile telephony standard. 3. Use of semiconductor tech...

Data communication medium  Some type of connection is required to exchange data between the receiving and sending computers. This connection is usually called a channel. The various methods used to implement channels are network media. Eg – common telephone lines, microwave systems, fibre optic cables, coaxial cables, satellite communication systems etc. The amount of data flow depends on the width of the channel. If the width of the channel is more, more data can be sent through it simultaneously. Wired  Data can be exchanged between the sending and receiving computers through various types of cables. Namely-- (i) Co-axial cable (Co-axial cable) (ii) Twisted pair cable (iii) Fiber optic cable (i) Co-axial cable: A coaxial cable is a type of electrical conductor made of copper. This type of wire is made with the help of two electrically conductive and two electrically non-conductive materials. They have a white plastic insulator between them to cover the inner conductor and se...

After a few days of data processing by one computer in an organization, the need and tendency to use multiple computers is seen. The demand for work also increased. Even today many households use more than one computer. When operated by a computer alone, all hardware and software are used only for that computer. But when multiple users are connected to a computer network, different hardware and software can be shared. Communication System --  The impact of information technology on the evolution of civilization is immense. Numerous products and services are created in society for better living systems and the development of these systems. People can easily adopt it through the proper use of management and technology. Concept of Communication System: At one time, people used to send information from one place to another by tying the feet of pigeons. Horse calls were also prevalent among civilized nations. The system of runners for sending news from one place to another was prevalen...

 Basic Concept on Data Security & Authentication Entity Level Security The security system is greatly strengthened by database authorization. Even then, security breaches do occur. Various unauthorized persons breach security through database misuse and accidents. But this is not desirable at all in case of database. Therefore, a security method called encryption is used in the database management system to further strengthen the security system. Data Recovery Database data is lost when the computer system fails or crashes due to any reason. The process by which this lost data can be recovered is called data recovery. Failures are of various types, namely-  (i) Transaction Failure (ii) Logical Error (iii) System Error  (iv) System Crash (v) Disk Failure Authorization Authorization is a process by which database security can be controlled. A database user can have different types of authorizations. This is dependent on database security. When the query processor transl...

Data, information, knowledge and wisdom: The dictionary meaning of data is data. In general, data refers to the value of something or a set of values. In one word, data is the value of something called data. So, data is the smallest unit of information. Data can be one or more letters, symbols or numbers. That is, any meaningful letter, word, number, date, combination of letter/word with number, symbol, signal etc. data or information like- or, no, Srirup, Palash, 1000, 20/11/1974, ID-100 etc. . Information The meaningful form of data is information. That is, information is data arranged in a systematic manner in a context that is easy to understand, meaningful, effective and usable. In engineering terms, any information or news is called information. In other words, the result obtained by processing any data or data is called as information. Data + observations + meaning = data Information is obtained by processing data. So we can say, Information = (Data), since information is obtain...