Introduction to different generations of mobile telephone systems and describe the uses and advantages and disadvantages of GPRS and EDGE technology?

Different generations of mobile telephone systems

A stage or stage of increasing use and development of mobile phones is called mobile phone generation. The mobile technology invented so far can be divided into four generations. Below is a detailed discussion about its generation.

First generation: In 1983, the first generation of mobile phones commercially introduced in North America, called AMPS (Advanced) Mobile Phone System) used AMPS analog signals to communicate. Its link channels are separated by FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) method. This system uses two analog channels, namely — forward and reverse, base station reverse. Besides, there were two other mobile phone systems in operation called first generation CT/1 and NMT. First generation mobile systems have the following features --

(i) This generation uses analog system of radio signals.

(ii) Cell signal encoding method is FDMA.

(iii) Mobile phones are smaller in size and lighter in weight than the typical telephones of contemporary times.

(iv) Signal frequency is relatively low.

(v) Interrupts when the user's location changes while the conversation is in progress.

(vi) It uses microprocessor and semiconductor technology.

(vii) No radio interface established by another mobile transmitter in the same area. Examples: Advanced Mobile Phone System, Nordic Mobile Telephone, Total Access Communication System etc.

Second generation: The second generation of mobile phones emerged by de-noising the voice. It transmits voice through digital method. AMPS in North America are named Digital AMPS or DAMPS by adding digital to the name D-AMPS using FDMA and TDMA methods. At this time, the invention of a new digital system called CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) besides the second generation mobile phone, the other systems used are called CT2. Among IS 136, TDMA, GSM, PDC, IS-95, cdmaOne IS-95 and cdmaOne are CDMA methods. The second generation mobile system has the following features--

(i) Digital method of radio signal is used in this generation.

(ii) Advances in semiconductor technology and microwave devices made digital transmission possible in mobile communications.

(iii) Digital modulation is used for better quality audio.

(iv) Cell signal encoding methods are FMA, TDMA and CDMA.

(v) Data transfer speed is very high.

(vi) Helps prevent data fraud.

(vii) Prepaid mode is introduced first.

(viii) Limited international roaming facility introduced.

(ix) Packet switch network is used for mobile data transfer and switch network is used for voice call conversion.

(x) MMS and SMS services are operational.

(xi) GSM enables data and voice transmission.

(xii) The radio interface created by the user's location while the conversation is in progress.

(xiii) Radio interface created by transmitters of other mobile service providers in certain cases. Examples: GSM 900, GSM-R 1800, GSM 1900, GSM 400, Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), CDMA, Personal Digital Communication (PDA) etc.

Third generation: The concept of third generation mobile phone started from 1992. At this time, the International Telecom Union (ITU) created a new concept called "Internet Mobile Communication For Year 2000". Its ideas were-

(i) Voice quality shall be as per public telecom network.

(ii) Its data rate shall be – 144 kbps for moving vehicles, 384 kbps for pedestrians and 2 Mbps for home use.

(iii) Its bandwidth will be 2 MHz.

(iv) Internet access will be provided.

In 2001, Japan's DoCoMo was the first to experimentally use 3rd generation mobile phones. The third generation started with the use of W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) technology instead of the second COMA technology. W-CDMA system is currently known as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). Third generation high-speed data transfer and multimedia data use, CDMA and GPRS (General Pack Radio Service) stark is greatly improved. As a result, mobile technology for maximum data transfer is EDGE (Enhance Data rates). for GSM Evolution) is introduced. This generation is the implementation of modern mobile technology. The third generation mobile system has the following features --

(i) Both packet switching and circuit switching methods are used for data conversion. However, using packet switching method, images and coils are exchanged very quickly.

(ii) The addition of modems adds a new level of internet usage and data sharing to mobile phones.

(iii) EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) system is implemented. As a result, more data can be transferred.

(iv) Data rate greater than 2 Mbps.

(v) Mobile banking, e-commerce etc. service activities are possible.

(vi) GSM, EDGE, UTMS and CDMA 2000 systems are used.

(vii) Radio Frequency W-CDMA or UMTS standard.

(viii) Channel Access or cell signal encoding methods are TD-SCDMA and TD-CDMA.

(ix) International roaming facility introduced.

(x) High spectrum efficiency.

Advantages of third generation mobile phones:

(i) Yes and data are transferred by digital means.

(ii) Listen to music, watch TV and movies and download on demand.

(iii) Any internet browsing. Games can be played and downloaded over the internet.

(iv) Video conferencing is possible.

(v) Internet connection is always provided, no need to provide separate internet connection.

(vi) Bill payment services can be provided by alternative method. For example - Pay-per-bit, pay per session, flat rate, symmetric bandwidth etc.

Examples: DUMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System), IMT (International Mobile Telecommunication)-2000, MC-CDMA TD-SCDMA, EDGE, HSPA etc.

Fourth generation: The mobile phone system of the future is the fourth generation mobile phone system. The main feature of this generation of mobile systems is the use of Internet Protocol based networks instead of circuit switching or packet switching. As a result, it will be possible to exchange data through the use of mobile telephone system-based networks. 4th generation mobile phone systems can use ultra-broadband speed internet. Its data transfer speed is 100 Mbps for mobile devices and 1 Mbps for fixed devices. Example – USB wireless modem with laptops, smartphones and other mobile devices. Applications include mobile web access, IP telephone, gaming services, high-definition mobile telephone, video conference and 3-D television, etc. The characteristic development of 4G has been made possible to achieve the following benefits. The speed of 4G is about 50 times faster than 3G.

(i) Actual bandwidth of 4G is expected to be 10 Mbps.

(ii) Three-dimensional practical application will enable one to feel present in an event without being directly present. People, places and products will be able to interact with each other in a unified cyber and real world.

(iii) Increases interaction between assistive technologies. E.g. Phone's smart card automatically pays price/bill for purchased products.

(iv) 4G will solve the limited bandwidth problem of 3G.

(v) Television shall provide relatively high quality picture and video links.

(vi) shall operate in IP dependent wireless network systems.

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G mobile system based on the cellular standard, which provides 326 megabits/second peak. It may also be based on WiMax or Flash-OFDM wireless metropolitan area network technology, which promises to help mobile users access broadband wireless at speeds up to 233 Mbps. The 4G system is expected to completely replace the current network and provide access to a completely secure Internet. As a result, users will be able to easily exchange data, voice and multimedia at a faster rate than the previous generation, anytime, anywhere. Example: WiMaxX2. LTE (Long Term Evolution) - Advancce etc.

 GPRS 

The GPRS packet system exchanges data. This is a non-voice service. It can send pictures, images and videos. The maximum speed of GPRS is 171.1 kbps. This speed is ten times faster than circuit switching data in GSM network. A dial-up modem connection is not required to use it. Each GPRS terminal has its own IP address. The basis of GPRS is a modulation technique known as (GMSK-Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying). GPRS has facilitated the use of the Internet.

GPRS is a 2nd and 3rd generation cellular communication system Packet Oriented to GSM A European Telecommunication Standards Institute sets the standard for GPRS. It is currently maintained by the Third Generation Partnership Project. Below are its features-

(i) GPRS is different from circuit switching data, where specifically billed per minute of connection time. Regardless of whether or not the user is transferring data at that time.

(ii) GPRS data is provided in bundle form. For example, the fee is fixed for 5 GB per month. Ardhaan is billed based on usage.

(iii) GPRS in 2nd generation system provides data rate of 56-114 Kbit/s. 2nd generation cellular technology works in conjunction with GPRS. Hence it is sometimes called mobile technology between 2nd and 3rd generation or 2.5G.

(iv) It transfers medium speed data using unused time division multiple access channels.

(v) GPRS Core Network to convert Internet Protocol packets to external networks such as the Internet. Allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA (Wide Band Code Division Multiple Access). The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching sub-system.

(vi) SMS conversion speed of 30 SMS messages/min can be achieved if SMS is done through GPRS. It is much faster than using normal SMS (speed of 6 to 10 messages per minute) via GSM.

GPRS technology increases the capacity of GSM Packet Circuit Switched data and provides services such as --

(i) SMS Messaging.

(ii) Broadcasting.

(iii) Access to Internet at all times.

(iv) Multimedia Message Service (MMS)

(v) Helps to communicate through cellular.

(vi) Presence of wireless village internet applications for smart devices through instant messaging and WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is noteworthy.

(vii) Point to Point Service: Inter-network arrangement with Internet.

(viii) Point to Multi Point Service: P2M Multicast and P2M Group Call.

EDGE

The full name of EDGE is Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. Also known as Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. Advanced mobile phone technology over GPRS is EDGE. It is the mobile technology of maximum data transfer. (EDGE) is a mobile technology of 3G. EDGE was introduced in the GSM network in early 2003. No hardware or software is required for use in the GSM core network.

Features of EDGE:

(i) Maximum speed or bandwidth of EDGE in 8 time slots is 473.6 Kbit/s.

(ii) It can carry 4 times the traffic compared to standard GPRS.

(iii) EDGE is a mobile technology of 3G.

(iv) No hardware or software required for use in GSM core network.

(v) It is mobile technology of maximum data transfer.

(vii) Coding and data transmission methods are relatively complex.

Benefits/Usages of Edge:

(i) EDGE increases data capacity for high speed data applications.

(ii) Facilitates fast transmission of text, audio-video, e-mail etc.

(iii) Availability of Mobile Chatting.

(iv) Internet access from any location.

 (v) Online gaming facilities are available.

(vi) Uninterrupted connectivity is available in inclement weather.