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What is computer networking? How do computer network protocols work?

Computer Networking 

Computer networks are an important system of communication in today's world. A computer network refers to the connection between two or more computers. The special system in which data transfer, electronic mail transmission, teleconference etc. is done quickly through cable, modem or satellite is called a computer network.

Concept of Network:

A network can be created by connecting small, low-power microcomputers to a powerful or high-powered server-rich computer. Computers can be side by side, in the same nearby location, or from one city to another, or even from one country to another. The networking process started through the computer network Mini and Mainframe Computer but nowadays personal computer is widely used for networking.

The interconnection and ability of multiple computers and other devices to work together in offices, courts, educational institutions or other workplaces under computer networks has brought revolutionary mobility to information exchange. A computer network requires the following equipment:

1. Computer, 2. Networking card, 3. Gateway/Router, 4. Medium (coaxial cable, fibre optic cable, microwave), 5. Communication software.

Network Protocol:

Various devices such as computers, modems, network cards etc. are used during data exchange between the sender and receiver computers. Communication software provides a set of mutually agreed-upon rules to control all these devices and to keep the data exchange process going between the sending and receiving computers. A set of mutually agreed-upon rules is called a protocol. Protocols are rules for accurately exchanging data between two or more computers. Different organizations develop different protocols. Below are the names of some protocols. Such as—TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), DLC (Data Link Control), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), Appletalk and Ethernet. The Internet uses the TCP/IP protocol.

Objectives of network:

In 1969, the United States Department of Defense first connected four universities in that country through a computer network for data exchange and resource sharing. This network was named ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network). At present, various types of information exchange, business and trade management, banking work etc. are being done by combining the computers of different countries of the world through computer networks. The following are the objectives of the computer network:


1. Exchange information quickly and at a low cost.

2. Sharing various hardware resources like RAM, Processor, Hard disk etc.

3. Video conferencing between multiple people.

4 Sharing software between multiple computers.

5. Conducting business from home electronically.

6. Providing online banking services.

7. Attend virtual classes from home. 2.5.3.

Types of network 

Computer networks are divided into different segments depending on the geographical location. namely--

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

2. Local Area Network (Local Area Network-LAN)

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

4. Wide Area Network (Wide Area Network - WAN)


1. Personal Area Network - PAN: A network system that connects multiple computers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, etc. located within 1 meter is called Personal Area Network. By setting up such networks in different offices or educational institutions, information can be exchanged, and hardware resources can be used. PAN was first conceptualized by research conducted by Thomas Zisser Dann and his colleagues at MIT's Media Lab.

2. Local Area Network - LAN: The connection between computers in the same building, side by side or on the same campus is called Local Area Network or Local Area Network, abbreviated as LAN.

Users of networked computers can work on the same or different programs simultaneously. Can simultaneously exchange or save information with each other. The network will not only consist of computers but may also include different types of printers. All types of computers can be used for networking. Even Macintosh and IBM computers can be included in the same network. Networking requires a network card on the computer's motherboard. The topology of LAN is usually a star or ring and coaxial cable, and optical fibre is usually used as transmission media. There are two types of local area networks. Namely—

1. Client Server Network

2. Peer-to-peer network

The main reason for the emergence of local area networks was to establish mutual communication between different users through computers, transfer data, facilitate the use of one's CPU by others, facilitate the use of the same printer by many people, etc.

3. Metropolitan Area Network - MAN: Computers are networked in the MAN method with the help of telephone lines or High-Speed ​​Remote to bring the computers located in different places of a specific city under the network. For example, an office in a city has several branch offices. MAN method is used to cover the network of computers installed in the branches. Generally, the MAN method is used to establish a networking process in a city, industrial area or a specific area.

4. Wide Area Network - WAN: In this type of network, computers are spread over a large area, such as in different cities of the same country, or even in different countries. In this case, a large database is stored on the main computer. Other computers use it as needed. Such a network is called a wide area network (WAN). The first widespread network to be established was the ARPANET. ARPANET was established in 1969 by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense. However, this arrangement did not last long. In 1982, the term Internet was introduced with the invention of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) or IP (Internet Protocol) for connecting different networks. It was implemented in 1983.

Different airlines connect their computers to a wide network. As a result, passengers get instant information about the reservation status of various routes. Information services can be obtained by connecting remote computers through such networks or bulletin boards can be set up. The computer to which the connection is established is called the host computer. This host computer can be a mainframe or microcomputer running the bulletin board. With a wide network, a surgeon can discuss the complex condition of a patient with his doctor friend thousands of miles away before the operation. Even though a company's branch offices are located in different countries, they can do the same work at the same time, by cooperating with each other.

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