The Tech Storror

Steps in program planning No work is done well without proper planning. Therefore, to write a program, the program is completed through a well-planned step-by-step process. The steps in program planning are as follows (1) Problem identification: The first step in program planning is problem identification. That is, identifying the program to be written for a problem according to the user's needs. (2) System analysis: After identifying the problem, various information related to the problem must be collected and analyzed, which can be used in the next steps of the programming plan. (3) Determining the input/output of the program:   At this stage, the inputs and outputs required to solve the problem are determined. Some data or information will be used as input in the program and what output will come for the said data, for this the use of some formula or formula is determined. (4) Algorithm development: Once a complete understanding of a problem and its solution formula is availa...

Outsourcing Computer Outsourcing: The word outsourcing information freelancing basically means free profession. That is, a profession to earn income by working freely. And a little more simply. In other words, different organizations do different types of work through the Internet system. By someone else outside your organization. Outsourcing is called outsourcing. Those who do outsourcing work are called freelancers. Jobs in multimedia, outsourcing sites or online marketplaces are divided into different categories, such as web development, software. Development, networking and information systems, writing and translation, administrative support, design and customer service, sales and marketing business services, etc. It is possible to earn online only if all these tasks are done through the internet system. There are also many other types of work available in the outsourcing world. . Freelancing Freelancing  means working independently without being under a specific person or orga...

Electronic commerce (E-commerce) Web based information system: An important component of modern computer based information system is web based information system. An information system based on the Internet is called a web-based information system. That is, when a user can use an information system through the Internet and the World Wide Web, that information system is called a web-based information system. A user of an information system on the Internet is called an Internet client. In this case, the client can use this information system from anywhere in the world by being connected to the Internet. Web based database is used in this system. When an Internet client sends an information request, the Web server verifies the client's right to receive the information in response to the request and sends the requested information to the client if it is a valid client. With the help of web based information system, the data of an organization can be collected, stored, presented, modern...

Information Systems An information system is a system consisting of people and machines, which process data and makes it useful for users. That is, an information system is an integrated system of human resources, hardware, software, communication network and data resources, which collect, store, present, modernize and exchange and process information from one organization to another organization. The use of computers has made data processing much easier, error-free and faster, and the distribution of information between different users or organizations has become much easier. Below are some more definitions of an information system: An information system is a combination of human resources, hardware, software, network systems and data resources that collect, transforms and process the information an organization needs. Technically, an information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, (or retrieve), process, store and distribute information to support organizational ...

Network Sharing and Security Network Sharing: Network sharing is a feature that allows sharing of resources over a network, such as files, documents, folders, media, etc. It is made accessible to other user computers on networks. Network sharing enables data to be accessed across multiple devices or at the same time. By connecting a device to a network, other user devices on the network can share and exchange information through the network. File Sharing: File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digital media, such as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images, and video), documents, or e-books. File sharing can be saved in different ways. Common methods of storage, transmission, and dissemination are manual sharing uses such as removable media, centralized computer servers, web-based hyperlinked documents, and distributed peer-to-peer networking. Network Sharing in Windows Operating System: Windows 7 and Windows 8x have the same network sharing settings...

 Hybrid network A mixed or hybrid network is essentially a combination of client-server and peer-to-peer networks. Generally, the client-server portion dominates in a hybrid network. However, in addition, there are sparsely coupled peer-to-peer network segments. Advantages of a hybrid network are: (i) Client-server applications can be housed and managed centrally. (ii) Users can control access to their respective computer resources and share their resources. Disadvantages of hybrid network are- (i) Having two types of networks makes it difficult for users to access the network. (ii) Need to remember different passwords for workgroups and servers/domains. (iii) Resources are located on different computers and cannot be managed centrally. Different versions of the same file can be scattered across different computers. (iv) Difficulty backing up files stored on different workstations. Network architecture Designing and implementing an effective network with respect to communication ru...

Client-server network Usually when we receive any data, the computer from which we receive the data or service is called server. We are clients or consumers because we serve from it. In this network, both workstation and server computers have the opportunity to work autonomously with their own CPU and memory. It consists of a graphical user interface or front end program on the client workstation and other facilities. It stores the back end server programs of one or more servers. In other words, a suitable network for centrally storing data, ensuring security, running various applications and running the network is a client-server network. In this network, one computer owns the resource, and other computers in the network use those resources. The computer that shares the resource is the server, and the computers that share the resource are the clients. All the resources of the network are stored on the server so the resources can be managed from the center. Security is ensured as all u...

Data Transmission System Asynchronous Transmission: A data transmission system in which characters are transmitted from sender to receiver is called asynchronous transmission. In this method the sender does not require any primary storage medium for data transmission. Main features of asynchronous data transmission: (i) The sender does not require any primary storage device for data transmission. (ii) In this method of data transmission the sender can transmit the data at any time and the receiver can also transmit it. (iii) In this method of data transmission, the time between the transmission of one character and the transmission of another character may vary rather than be equal. (iv) Each character has a start bit at the beginning and end transmission is also called start/stop transmission. Advantages, Disadvantages and Uses of Asynchronous Data Transmission Advantages of asynchronous data transmission: (i) At any time the sender can send data and the receiver can receive it. (ii) ...

Modulation and Demodulation Modulation Audio or video waves received through transducers, known as signal webs, are difficult to transmit over long distances. High frequency carrier waves are used to transmit these signal waves over long distances as radio waves. The amplitude, frequency or phase of this carrier wave is changed according to the instantaneous value of the signal wave. Such changes are called modulation. In other words, mixing the signal with the carrier wave is called modulation. Modulation is mainly of two types, namely Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM). Use of Modulation: How far a real signal can be transmitted by a transmitter depends on two factors, namely -- (i) Transmitting Frequency (ii) Transmitter Power Modulation is used to send the signal farther. Different types of modulation methods: (1) Amplitude Modulation (AM) (ii) Frequency Modulation (FM) (iii) Pulse Modulation (PM) (iv) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)  (v) Quadrature Amplitude ...

  Analog and Digital Transmission Analog Signal: The system in which variable signal i.e. the signal can have any meaning at any time, is called analog signal. This signal is used for data processing in analog devices like radio, TV etc. The wave/shape of an analog signal is-- Digital Signal: The level of the signal is variable, i.e. the level of the signal changes over time in a certain step, it is called a digital signal. This signal is used for data processing in digital devices like computers, digital clocks etc. The wave/shape of a digital signal is-- Carrier Signal: Carrier signal is a type of high frequency signal, which is used as a carrier wave to transmit electrical signals to distant places. - The wave/shape of carrier signal is the difference between analog, digital and carrier signal: The difference between analog, digital and carrier signal is given below-- Analog signal (i) A system in which the signal is variable i.e. the signal can have any value at any time, is ca...

Connectors The cable connector is the daughter device between the network card and the cable. That is, it connects the network cable and (NIC). Notable among cable connectors are coaxial cable, 10 bit, Ethernet etc. Among them, 10 bit connector is comparatively much faster, reliable and widely used. The 10-pin connector looks a lot like a telephone wire. Some network cards support multiple connector types, thus providing multiple ports. Such cards are called combo cards. Recently, Ethernet technology has gained great popularity in the world of networking, to say that now Ethernet is a dominating (Dominating) technology. For that reason, if the network card of the computer is of combo type, then it is possible to upgrade it to use Ethernet technology. The following three types of connectors are commonly used in networks. These are-- a) RJ-45: It is used to connect UTP cable to network interface card or NIC. This connector has a total of 8 contact pins. These 8 pins are used in different...

Wireless media: Wireless communication is a type of communication system that does not require any type of cable. In wireless communication, the sending device connects one computer to another computer or one device to another device through the radio web. Characteristics of Wireless Media: Wireless media do not use electrical or optical conductors or wires. In most cases, the Earth's atmosphere acts as the physical path for data transmission. Wireless systems are used when there are obstacles in the way of data transmission and installation of wired media is problematic. The three types of wireless media are -- (i) Radio Wave  (ii) Microwave   (ii) Infrared Radio wave: Network data is transmitted through radio transmission in the same way that signals are transmitted in radio. In this case every computer in the network can receive the signal sent by it. Radio wave frequencies are limited to 10 kHz to 1 GHz. The limited electromagnetic spectrum between 10 kilohertz and...

Transmission media: When a PC communicates or wants to communicate with another PC, it has to take the help of some transmission media. The most commonly used media in the network are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable. Nowadays, the use of optical fiber is increasing greatly. Radio wave, microwave and infrared technologies are prominent among wireless media. Among these mediums, optical fiber has the highest data transfer speed. The type of medium used in a network depends on the type and location of that network. The connection system for exchanging information between the sender and the remote receiving end is called a channel. The means or methods used to implement the channel are called media. such as-- (i) Cable or wire. (ii) Common telephone lines. (ii) Radio waves. (iv) Microwave. (v) Geo-satellite systems etc. Cable or Wire: Cable is an important medium in data communication. Cables are generally used for data transfer over short range networking such as LAN...